Additive manufacturing apparatus and method

ABSTRACT

An additive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwise consolidation of material. The apparatus includes a build chamber containing a working area, a high energy beam for consolidating material deposited in the working area in layers and a flow device for generating a gas flow across at least a part of the working area from a gas inlet to a gas outlet. The gas inlet and gas outlet are arranged to be movable within the build chamber.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

This invention concerns an additive manufacturing apparatus and method.The invention has particular, but not exclusive, application toproviding gas flow across a powder bed in a laser solidificationapparatus.

BACKGROUND

Additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping methods for producingobjects comprise layer-by-layer solidification of a material, such as ametal powder material, using a high energy beam, such as a laser beam orelectron beam. A powder layer is deposited on a powder bed in a buildchamber and a laser beam is scanned across portions of the powder layerthat correspond to a cross-section of the object being constructed. Thelaser beam melts or sinters the powder to form a solidified layer. Afterselective solidification of a layer, the powder bed is lowered by athickness of the newly solidified layer and a further layer of powder isspread over the surface and solidified, as required.

During the melting or sintering process, debris (e.g. condensate,unsolidified particles of powder etc) is produced within the buildchamber. It is known to introduce a gas flow through the build chamberin an attempt to remove debris from the chamber in the gas flow. Forexample, the M280 model of machine produced by EOS GmbH, Munich, Germanycomprises a series of gas outlet nozzles located in the build chamber tothe rear of the powder bed that pass a flow of gas to a series ofexhaust vents that are located in the build chamber at the front of thepowder bed. In this manner, a planar layer of gas flow is created at thesurface of the powder bed. A similar arrangement is provided inRenishaw's AM250 and AM125 machines, wherein apertures in the buildchamber either side of a powder bed provide substantially planar gasflow across the powder bed.

A problem with the gas flow generated by such arrangements is that thegas flow may not be sufficient to carry all debris to the exhaust ventsand some of the debris may be blown onto powder that has yet to bescanned. This can result in the object being built inaccurately. Forexample, the debris blown onto the powder can solidify to the objectbeing built resulting in a solid projection from the bed that contacts awiper blade when the wiper spreads the next layer of powder. Thisprojection can cause damage to the wiper blade, which in turn, canresult in subsequent layers of powder having a ridge at a locationcorresponding to the area of the wiper blade that is damaged. Theseridges are created in each layer for the rest of the build, affectingthe accuracy with which the object is built.

Furthermore, it is known to vary the direction in which the laser isscanned for different layers and/or for different portions of a layer,for example, see US2008/0241392 and US2005/0142024. It may be desirableto scan the laser in a particular direction based on gas flow direction,for example as set out in patent applications U.S. 61/791,636 and U.S.61/774,215, which are incorporated herein by reference. However, withthe apparatus described above, it may be necessary to compromise betweenoptimum scan direction based on gas flow direction and the desire tochange the scan direction for different layers and/or different portionsof a layer.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,215,093 describes apparatus wherein a nozzle forproviding a protective gas stream travels together with the laser beam.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided additivemanufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwise consolidationof material, the apparatus comprising a build chamber containing aworking area, a high energy beam for consolidating material deposited inthe working area in layers and a flow device for generating a gas flowacross at least a part of the working area from a gas inlet to a gasoutlet, the gas inlet and gas outlet arranged to be movable within thebuild chamber.

By providing a movable gas inlet and gas outlet, the locations of thegas inlet and outlet can be altered based upon the scan path of the beamacross the working area. For example, the locations of the gas inlet andoutlet may be changed based on a direction in which a series ofsuccessive hatch lines are progressed and/or to move with theprogression of the scan such that the gas inlet and gas outlet can belocated closer to the impact point of the beam on the material.

It will be understood that the term “scan” used herein is not limited tocontinuously running a spot of the high energy beam over a surface butincludes a series of separated discrete exposures (or hops). Forexample, optics may direct the high energy beam to expose a firstlocation to the beam, the beam then turned off and the optics reorientedto direct the energy beam to a second location spaced from the firstlocation when the high energy beam is switched back on. The high energybeam is a beam having sufficient energy to consolidate the material.

The gas inlet and gas outlet may my movable together such that therelative positions of the gas inlet and gas outlet remain fixed. Forexample, the gas inlet and outlet may be built as a single movable unit.

Alternatively, the gas inlet is movable separately from the gas outlet.The gas inlet and gas outlet may be movable such that the distancebetween the gas inlet and gas outlet can be varied. In particular, thegas inlet and gas outlet may be movable such that the distance betweenthe gas inlet and gas outlet can be less than a width of a working area,such as defined by a build platform, in which an object is built. Inthis way, the gas inlet and gas outlet can be located closer togetherthan for nozzles fixed either side of the build platform such that amore uniform gas flow may be achieved and debris ejected from the areabeing consolidated are more likely to be captured by the gas flow andcarried to the gas outlet. The apparatus may comprise a gas flow devicefor controlling the gas flow through the inlet and/or outlet based uponthe distance between the gas inlet and gas outlet.

The gas inlet and gas outlet may be mounted on an assembly for movingthe inlet and outlet along at least one linear axis and, additionally,may be mounted on an assembly for rotating the inlet and outlet about atleast one rotary axis. Rotating the gas inlet and gas outlet may allowone to change the direction of gas flow based upon the scan direction.The movement may be controlled by a computer at the object is built.

The gas inlet and/or gas outlet may comprise an elongate aperture thatextends across an entire width of the working area, the gas inlet and/orgas outlet movable in a linear direction perpendicular to a longitudinalaxis of the aperture. Such an arrangement may move in only one lineardirection as the aperture provides flow across the entire width of theworking area.

However, in another embodiment, the gas inlet and/or gas outlet maycomprise an aperture that extends across less than a width of theworking area, the gas inlet and/or gas outlet movable in a lineardirection perpendicular to a gas flow direction from the gas inlet/intothe gas outlet. In this way, a smaller gas inlet or outlet can beprovided whilst full coverage of the working area may still be achievedthrough movement of gas inlet and/or outlet in a direction perpendicularto the gas flow direction. A smaller gas inlet and/or outlet may bebeneficial as it may result in a lighter unit that can be moved morequickly over the working area than a larger unit that extends across theentire working area.

Preferably, the apparatus is a selective laser solidification, such asmelting (SLM) or sintering (SLS), apparatus, wherein powder layers aresuccessively deposited across the working area in the build chamber anda laser beam is scanned across portions of each powder layer thatcorrespond to a cross-section of the object being constructed toconsolidate the portions of the powder.

The apparatus may further comprise a wiper for spreading powder acrossthe working area. The wiper may be mounted to move with at least one ofthe gas inlet and gas outlet. In this way, the powder may besimultaneously spread across the working area with movement of the gasinlet and/or gas outlet. The wiper (which is mounted to move with atleast one of the gas inlet and gas outlet) may be movable from anextended position, in which the wiper engages the powder, to a retractedposition, in which the wiper is held clear of the powder. In this way,the gas inlet and/or gas outlet can be moved both with and withoutspreading powder by moving the wiper between the extended and retractedpositions.

The apparatus may further comprise a probe for measuring geometry of theobject being built, the probe mounted to move on an axis common with thegas inlet and/or gas outlet. The gas inlet and/or gas outlet that ismounted on a common axis with the probe may be arranged to move in afirst direction, such as a first linear direction, and the probe isarranged to move in the first direction and in a further direction, suchas a further linear direction perpendicular to the first lineardirection. The probe may be a contact probe, such as a scanning or touchprobe, or a non-contact probe, such as a video probe.

The gas inlet is for propelling gas into the build chamber and the gasoutlet is for drawing gas from the build chamber. The apparatus maycomprise a controller for controlling a rate of flow at which gas ispropelled into the build chamber from the gas inlet based upon alocation of the gas inlet and/or gas outlet in the build chamber. Theapparatus may comprise a controller for controlling a rate of flow atwhich gas is drawn from the build chamber through the gas outlet basedupon a location of the gas inlet and/or gas outlet in the build chamber.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided anadditive manufacturing method for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the method comprising depositing material ina working area in a build chamber, scanning a high energy beam acrossthe working area to consolidate the material in layers and operating aflow device for generating a gas flow across at least a part of theworking area from a gas inlet to a gas outlet comprising moving the gasinlet and the gas outlet during building of the object.

The method may comprise moving the gas inlet and gas outlet to vary thedistance between the gas inlet and gas outlet.

The method may comprise moving the gas inlet and gas outlet to alter thedirection of gas flow across the working area.

The method may comprise altering a rate of flow at which gas ispropelled into the build chamber from the gas inlet based upon alocation of the gas inlet and/or gas outlet in the build chamber. Themethod may comprise controlling a rate of flow at which gas is drawnfrom the build chamber through the gas outlet based upon a location ofthe gas inlet and/or gas outlet in the build chamber.

The method may comprise moving the gas inlet and gas outlet whilstscanning the material with the high energy beam. The inlet and outletmay be moved based upon the scan path of the high energy beam. Forexample, the gas inlet and gas outlet may be moved to track an impactpoint of the high energy beam with the material/in the working area.

The method may be a selective laser solidification method and maycomprise successively depositing layers or powder across the workingarea and scanning the high energy beam across portions of each powderlayer that correspond to a cross-section of the object being constructedto consolidate the portions of the powder.

According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a datacarrier having instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed bya processor, causing the processor to control an additive manufacturingapparatus according to the first aspect of the invention to carry outthe method of the second aspect of the invention.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided additivemanufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwise consolidationof material, the apparatus comprising a build chamber containing aworking area, a high energy beam for consolidating material deposited inthe working area in layers, a first flow device for propelling gas intoa volume above the working area and a second flow device for drawing gasfrom the volume so as to generate a gas flow between the first andsecond flow devices, at least one of the first flow device and secondflow device arranged to be movable within the build chamber, and acontrol unit for controlling scanning of the material with the highenergy beam in accordance with a predetermined scanning plan andcontrolling movement of the first and/or second flow device based uponthe scanning plan.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided anadditive manufacturing method for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the method comprising depositing material ina working area in a build chamber, scanning a high energy beam acrossthe working area to consolidate the material in layers in accordancewith a predetermined scanning plan and operating a first flow device forpropelling gas into a volume above the working area, which includes thematerial being consolidated with the high energy beam, and a second flowdevice for drawing gas from the volume to generate a gas flow betweenthe first and second flow devices, and further comprising moving atleast one of the first and second flow devices within the build chamberduring building of the object based upon the scanning plan.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention there is provided a datacarrier having instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed bya processor, causing the processor to control an additive manufacturingapparatus according to the fourth aspect of the invention to carry outthe method of the fifth aspect of the invention.

According to a seventh aspect of the invention there is providedadditive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chambercontaining a working area, a high energy beam for consolidating materialdeposited in the working area in layers, a first flow device forpropelling gas into a volume above the working area and a second flowdevice for drawing gas from the volume so as to generate a gas flowbetween the first and second flow devices, the first and second flowdevices arranged to be movable within the build chamber.

According to a eighth aspect of the invention there is provided anadditive manufacturing method for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the method comprising depositing material ina working area in a build chamber, scanning a high energy beam acrossthe working area to consolidate the material in layers and operating afirst flow device for propelling gas into a volume above the workingarea, which includes the material being consolidated with the highenergy beam, and a second flow device for drawing gas from the volume togenerate a gas flow between the first and second flow devices, furthercomprising moving the first and second flow devices within the buildchamber during building of the object.

According to a ninth aspect of the invention there is provided a datacarrier having instructions thereon, the instructions, when executed bya processor, causing the processor to control an additive manufacturingapparatus according to the seventh aspect of the invention to carry outthe method of the eighth aspect of the invention.

According to a tenth aspect of the invention there is provided additivemanufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwise consolidationof material, the apparatus comprising a build chamber containing aworking area, a high energy beam for consolidating material deposited inthe working area in layers, a probe for measuring geometry of the objectbeing built, a first flow device for propelling gas into a volume abovethe working area and a second flow device for drawing gas from thevolume so as to generate a gas flow between the first and second flowdevices, wherein at least one of the first flow device and second flowdevice is arranged to be movable within the build chamber and the probeis mounted to move on an axis common with the gas inlet and/or gasoutlet.

According to an eleventh aspect of the invention there is providedadditive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chambercontaining a working area, a high energy beam for consolidating materialdeposited in the working area in layers, a first flow device forpropelling gas into a volume above the working area, a second flowdevice for drawing gas from the volume so as to generate a gas flowbetween the first and second flow devices, at least one of the firstflow device and second flow device arranged to be movable within thebuild chamber, and a wiper for spreading powder across the working area,the wiper mounted to move with at least one of the first flow device andthe second flow device.

According to a twelfth aspect of the invention there is provided anadditive manufacturing method for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the method comprising depositing material ina working area in a build chamber, moving a wiper for spreading powderacross the working area, scanning a high energy beam across the workingarea to consolidate the material in layers and operating a first flowdevice for propelling gas into a volume above the working area, whichincludes the material being consolidated with the high energy beam, anda second flow device for drawing gas from the volume to generate a gasflow between the first and second flow devices, the method furthercomprising moving at least one of the first and second flow devicesduring building of the object simultaneously with moving the wiper.

According to a thirteenth aspect of the invention there is provided adata carrier having instructions thereon, the instructions, whenexecuted by a processor, causing the processor to control an additivemanufacturing apparatus according to the eleventh aspect of theinvention to carry out the method of the twelfth aspect of theinvention.

According to a fourteenth aspect of the invention there is provided anadditive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chambercontaining a working area, a high energy beam for consolidating materialdeposited in the working area in layers, an optical module for directingthe high energy beam on to the working area, a flow device for drawinggas from a volume above the working area so as to generate a gas flowacross the working area, the flow device arranged to be movable withinthe build chamber, and a controller for controlling movement of the gasflow device and the optical module such that the flow device is movedduring scanning of the working area with the high energy beam.

A gas outlet that draws gas from the build chamber may create asufficient flow in the vicinity of the gas outlet such that debriscreated by solidification of the material is sufficiently removed.Accordingly, confining solidification to be within the vicinity of theoutlet may allow greater freedom in the placement of the inlet becauselaminar flow between the inlet and outlet may no longer be required. Forexample, the inlet my propel gas in a direction that is not parallelwith the working area and/or may have a fixed location within the buildchamber.

The additive manufacturing apparatus may further comprise a guide forguiding gas drawn from the build chamber into the gas outlet, the guidemovable within the build chamber. The guide may be movable together withthe gas outlet. The guide may facilitate a desired circulation of gaswithin the build chamber.

The controller may be arranged to control the optical module to directthe high energy beam to a location between the guide and the gas outlet.

According to a fifteenth aspect of the invention there is provided anadditive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chambercontaining a working area, a high energy beam for consolidating materialdeposited in the working area in layers, an optical module for directingthe high energy beam on to the working area, a flow device forpropelling gas into and/or drawing gas from a volume above the workingarea so as to generate a gas flow across the working area, the flowdevice arranged to be movable within the build chamber, and a controllerfor controlling movement of the gas flow device and the optical modulesuch that the flow device can be moved separately from movement of thehigh energy beam across the working area.

The flow device may be moved on a guide, such as a rail or track, by afirst motor, the controller arranged for controlling the first motor toadjust the position of the flow device. The optical module may comprisean optical element, such as a lens or mirror, for directing the highenergy beam to the desired location in the working area, the opticalelement mounted on an assembly for movement and a second motor formoving the optical element in the assembly, the controller arranged forcontrolling the second motor to adjust the position of the opticalelement. The controller may be arranged to control the first motor tomove the flow device whilst the optical element remains stationary. Thecontroller may be arranged to control the second motor to move theoptical element whilst the flow device remains stationary.

This may be desirable for certain scanning strategies and/or operativeconditions of the apparatus, wherein movement of the flow device andoptical element together is not required. For example, when carrying outa border scan of the object, it may be desirable for the flow device tobe fixed at a specified location for the duration of the border scan.Furthermore, in-between the scanning of layers it may be desirable tomove the flow device to a location outside of the working area such thata wiper or the like can pass over the working area.

The data carrier of the above aspects of the invention may be a suitablemedium for providing a machine with instructions such as non-transientdata carrier, for example a floppy disk, a CD ROM, a DVD ROM/RAM(including −R/−RW and +R/+RW), an HD DVD, a BIu Ray™ disc, a memory(such as a Memory Stick™, an SD card, a compact flash card, or thelike), a disc drive (such as a hard disk drive), a tape, anymagneto/optical storage, or a transient data carrier, such as a signalon a wire or fibre optic or a wireless signal, for example a signalssent over a wired or wireless network (such as an Internet download, anFTP transfer, or the like).

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an additive manufacturing apparatusaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the additive manufacturing apparatus ofFIG. 1 from another side;

FIG. 3 is a plan view of a gas flow device of the apparatus duringbuilding of a core region of the object;

FIG. 4a is a plan view of the gas flow device during building of aperipheral region of the object;

FIG. 4b is a plan view of the gas flow device during deposition of apowder layer using a wiper;

FIG. 5a is a perspective view of another embodiment of the inventioncomprising a fixed length gas recirculation loop;

FIG. 5b is a plan view of another embodiment of a fixed length gasrecirculation loop;

FIGS. 6a and 6b show a further embodiment of a gas flow device accordingto the invention comprising a metrology device for measuring anattribute of the object being built;

FIG. 7 is a plan view of a gas flow device according to anotherembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8a is a plan view of a gas flow device according to anotherembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8b is a plan view of a gas flow device according to anotherembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8c is a plan view of a gas flow device according to anotherembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a plan view of a gas flow device according to anotherembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 10 shows additive manufacturing apparatus according to anembodiment of the invention having a gas flow device with an enlargedgas outlet;

FIG. 11a is a perspective view of a gas flow device according to anotherembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11b is a perspective view of a modification to the gas flow deviceof FIG. 11, wherein the wiper blade is retractable;

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of an additive manufacturing apparatuscomprising the flow device shown in FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of the additive manufacturing apparatusshown in FIG. 12 from a different side;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a gas flow device according to anotherembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of a gas flow device according to yetanother embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a laser solidification apparatus accordingto an embodiment of the invention comprises a build chamber 101 havingtherein partitions 114, 115 that define a build volume 116 and a surfaceonto which powder can be deposited. A build platform 102 defines aworking area in which an object 103 is built by selective laser meltingpowder 104. The platform 102 can be lowered within the build volume 116using mechanism 117 as successive layers of the object 103 are formed. Abuild volume available is defined by the extent to which the buildplatform 102 can be lowered into the build volume 116. Layers of powder104 are formed as the object 103 is built by dispensing apparatus 108and a wiper 109. For example, the dispensing apparatus 109 may beapparatus as described in WO2010/007396. A laser module 105 generates alaser for melting the powder 104, the laser directed onto the powder bed104 as required by optical module 106 under the control of a computer160. The laser enters the chamber 101 via a window 107.

A gas flow device comprises a movable gas nozzle 112 comprising a gasinlet 112 a and a movable gas exhaust 110 comprising a gas outlet 110 a.The gas nozzle 112 and gas exhaust 110 are movable for generating a gasflow across a part or whole of the powder bed 104 formed on the buildplatform 102. The gas inlet 112 a and gas outlet 110 a produce a laminarflow having a flow direction from the inlet to the outlet, as indicatedby arrows 118. Gas is re-circulated from the exhaust 110 to the nozzle112 through a gas recirculation loop 111 that is also located within thechamber 116. A pump 113 maintains the desired gas pressure at gas inlet112 and gas outlet 110. A filter 119 is provided in the recirculationloop 111 to filter from the gas condensate that has become entrapped inthe flow. The recirculation unit 111 has means for changing the lengthof the gas recirculation loop with changes in the relative distancebetween the gas inlet 112 a and gas outlet 110 a. In FIGS. 1 and 2,bellows 111 a are used to make the gas recirculation loop 111 adaptableto the changes in position of the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110.

Computer 160 comprises a processor unit 161, memory 162, display 163,user input device 164, such as a keyboard, touch screen, etc, a dataconnection to modules of the laser melting apparatus, such as opticalmodule 106, laser module 105 and motors (not shown) that drive movementof the dispensing apparatus 108, wiper 109, build platform 102, nozzle112 and exhaust 110. An external data connection 165 provides for theuploading of scanning instructions to the computer 160. The laser unit105, optical unit 106, movable gas inlet 112 and gas outlet 110 of theflow device and movement of build platform 102 are controlled by thecomputer 160 based upon the scanning instructions.

A door 125 (shown in FIG. 3) is provided in the chamber 101 for removingthe object therefrom on completion of the build.

Referring to FIG. 3, the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 are mounted on aguide 120, such as a rail or a track, to be movable along a linear axis.In use, the relative position of the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 isaltered based upon an area of the powder bed 104 being scanned and ascanning strategy being used. For example, in FIG. 3, a stripe scanningstrategy is being used wherein an inner region of a section 121 of anobject 103 is scanned by raster scans 122 that are progressed across thesection 121 within a series of striped regions 123. The nozzle 112 andexhaust 110 are moved to follow the laser beam as it makes the scanacross the section 121. The gas inlet 112 a of the nozzle 112 and thegas outlet 110 a of the exhaust 110 are located within the periphery ofthe powder bed 104 and, preferably, are maintained substantially aconstant distance apart during the scanning of the stripes.

After the scanning of the stripes 123, a border scan 124 may be carriedout around the outside of the section 121. This is shown in FIG. 4a .During the border scan 124, the exhaust 110 and nozzle 112 may belocated far enough apart such that the entire border scan can becompleted without further movement of the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110.

Once a section (layer) 121 of the object has been completed, a furtherlayer of powder is deposited on the powder bed 104. To do this, a wiper109 moves across the powder bed 104 to spread a fresh layer of powder.In this embodiment, in order for the wiper 109 to pass over the powderbed 104 the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 must be sufficiently far apart toallow the wiper to pass therebetween. In FIG. 4b , the wiper 109 isshown spreading powder, the position of the wiper 109 duringconsolidation of the powder shown in dotted lines.

In this embodiment, the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 have a curved outersurface to reduce disturbance of the gas in the build chamber 101 as thenozzle 112 and exhaust 110 move during consolidation of the powder usingthe laser beam.

The gas-circulation loop 111, nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 may be arrangedto switch the direction of gas flow dependent upon the scanningdirection. In such a scenario, the nozzle 112 would thus become theexhaust and the exhaust 110 the nozzle.

FIGS. 5a and 5b show alternative embodiments of the recirculation loophaving a fixed length to avoid pumping effects for changes in thedistance between the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110. In this embodiment, therecirculation loop 111 comprises tubes 180 to 183 for transporting thegas connected to rotary joints 185 to 190 that allow the tubes 180 to183 to move with movement of the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110. Rotaryjoints 185 and 190 are fixed relative to the build chamber and rotaryjoints 187 and 188 are fixed to the nozzle 110 and exhaust 112,respectively. Rotary joints 186 and 189 “float” within the build chamber

In FIG. 5a the tubes 180 to 183 move in a horizontally plane with therotary axes (shown in dotted lines) of the rotary joints 185 to 190aligned vertically. In FIG. 5b , the tubes 180 to 183 move in a verticalplane with the rotary axes of the rotary joints 185 to 190 alignedhorizontally. The tubes 180 to 183 may be connected to filters and apump of the recirculation loop located outside of the build chamber viaan outlet/inlet located at the rotary joints 185, 190 fixed to the buildchamber.

The arrangements shown in FIGS. 5a and 5b allow the nozzle 110 andexhaust 112 to move relative to each other whilst ensuring that thelength of the recirculation loop 111 remains constant to avoid pumpingeffects that could occur with a bellows or telescopic tubingarrangement. Locating of the pump and filters external to the buildchamber allows the filter to be replaced and maintenance of the pumpwithout having to gain access to the build chamber, which may compromisethe integrity of the inert gas atmosphere contained in the buildchamber. An advantage of the embodiment of FIG. 5b is that gravity aswell as gas flow will drive the debris to the outlet at joint 185, whichmay prevent clogging of the tubes.

FIGS. 6a and 6b show a further embodiment of the invention, whereinmetrology apparatus, in this embodiment a scanning or touch probe 130,is mounted to the nozzle 112 such that it can move in a linear directionalong the nozzle 112 (as indicated by the arrows A) and in a verticaldirection (as indicated by arrows B). In use, the scanning or touchprobe 130 can be moved to measure a hybrid blank or an object beingbuilt. The metrology apparatus could be used for initial set-up of theapparatus, for in-process control or for measuring the objectpost-production. However, piggy-backing off the back of the nozzle 112reduces the number of axes that are required compared to providing aseparate set of axes for the measurement probe. It will be understoodthat the probe 130 could also be mounted in a like manner on the exhaust110.

In this embodiment, the bellows arrangement for the recirculation loop111 has been replaced with telescopic tubes 127.

FIG. 7 shows a further embodiment, wherein the nozzle 112 and exhaust110 extend across a partial width of the powder bed 104, with the nozzle112 and exhaust 110 each mounted for motion along two perpendicularaxes.

FIG. 8a shows a further embodiment, wherein the apparatus comprisesmultiple pairs of nozzles 112 and exhausts 110, each nozzle 112 andexhaust 110 mounted for motion along two perpendicular axes. Each pairof nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 is arranged to cover a different portionof the build platform 102. An extent of movement of the nozzle 112 andexhaust 110 of each pair in a direction perpendicular to the gas flowdirection is limited to less than the entire width of the build platform102 and, in this embodiment, is limited to half of the width of thebuild platform 102. Such an arrangement may be useful when the object isto be formed by consolidation of powder simultaneously with two or morelaser beams, such as disclosed in DE102005014483 A1 or GB1310276.9.

FIG. 8b shows a variation on an apparatus comprising multiple pairs ofnozzles 112 and exhausts 110. In this embodiment, the pairs of nozzles112 and exhausts 110 are mounted on a common guide 120. Each pair may bearranged to cover a different area of the build platform 104 or may bearranged such that common areas on the build platform can be covered byeither pair. The nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 of each pair can move overan entire extent of the build platform 102 in a direction perpendicularto the gas flow direction.

In FIG. 8c , the nozzle 112 only extends across a partial width of thepowder bed 104 whereas the exhaust 110 extends over a wider region, inthis embodiment an entire width, of the build platform 102. It may bedesirable to focus the stream of gas from the inlet to a region wherethe laser beam impacts the powder bed whereas it may be desirable forthe exhaust to extend over a much larger region as debris fromconsolidation of the powder may spread over a larger region of thepowder bed than the volume into which gas is directed by the nozzle 112.

FIG. 9 shows a system, wherein the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 system aremounted for rotary movement about the build platform 104. In thisembodiment, the build platform 104 comprises a round upper surface thatdefines a working area. The nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 are mounted in aframe 170 for independent movement in a linear direction, the frame 170rotatable in a guide 120 to rotate the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 aroundthe build platform 104. In this way, both the distance between thenozzle 112 and exhaust 110 can be adjusted together with the directionin which flow is generated across the build platform 104. The gas flowdirection may be altered by rotating the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 asthe scanning direction is altered for each layer. For example, the scandirection may be rotated by a set amount between consecutive layers, theflow direction also being rotated by a corresponding amount. The flowdirection may be arranged to be parallel to a scan direction or stripeformation direction. An example of scanning of layers in stripes isdisclosed in EP1993812.

Also, as shown in FIG. 10, the outlet110 a provided by the exhaust 110may have a greater vertical height than the inlet 112 a provided by thenozzle 112. This may prevent condensate from being blown over theexhaust by any turbulence in the gas flow facilitating collection of thesplashes generated by the SLM process.

FIGS. 11 to 13 show an alternative embodiment of a flow device 131wherein the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110 are formed as a single movableunit 131 with a fixed distance between the gas inlet 112 a and gasoutlet 110 a. In this embodiment, the wiper 109 is fixed to the unit 131and the powder spread across the powder bed 104 simultaneously withmovement of the unit 131. In FIG. 11a the wiper 109 is fixed in relationto the nozzle 112 and exhaust 110. However, in FIG. 11b , the wiper 109is movable from an extended position 109 a in which the wiper engagesthe powder for spreading the powder across the build platform 104 and aretracted position 109 b in which the unit 131 can move over the buildplatform 104 without the wiper 109 engaging the powder.

The optical unit 106 is controlled to direct the laser beam 133 into thegap between the gas inlet 112 a and gas outlet 110 a to consolidatepowder therebetween. In use, the unit 131 is moved along the guide 120(by suitable motors (not shown)) to traverse the powder bed, the laserbeam 133 being directed by the optical module 106 to scan between thegap as the unit 131 traverses the powder bed. Switching of the laserbeam 133 on and off as the laser beam scans across the gap allows areasof the powder bed 104 to be selectively consolidated. The embodimentshown in FIG. 11b with a retractable wiper 109 may allow the unit 131 totraverse over the build platform 104 two or more times before spreadingof the next layer of powder. For example, a retractable wiper may bebeneficial if adjacent areas of the powder are to be scanned by thelaser beam during separate traverses of the powder bed by the flowdevice 131 in order to manage heating of the powder bed. For example, astripe pattern, such as shown in FIG. 3, may be used as a scanningstrategy for forming the part, with adjacent stripes scanned duringdifferent traverses of the powder bed by the flow device 131.

FIG. 14 shows a movable flow device 141 according to another embodimentof the invention. In this embodiment, the flow device 141 comprises agas outlet 110 a for drawing gas from the chamber 101 that is located inthe vicinity of the powder bed 104 and a gas inlet 112 a for propellinggas into the chamber 101 that is located (relative to the outlet 110 a)remote from the powder bed 104. In this embodiment, the inlet 112 apropels gas upwards into the chamber 101. The action of the sucking ofgas into outlet 110 a and the propelling of gas out of gas inlet 110 amay generate a circulation of inert gas in the chamber 101 in thevicinity of the flow device 141. Housed within the flow device 141 is afilter not shown) for filtering particles from the gas flow before thegas is propelled back into the build chamber through inlet 112 a.

In use, the optical unit 106 is controlled to direct the laser beam 133to a location close to the gas outlet 110 a such that condensategenerated by the consolidation of powder 104 is removed in the gas flowgenerated by the outlet 112 a. The unit 141 is moved along the guide 120(by suitable motors (not shown)) to traverse the powder bed 104, thelaser beam 133 being directed by the optical module 106 to scan justbehind or in front of the gas outlet 110 a as the unit 131 traverses thepowder bed 104. Switching of the laser beam 133 on and off as the laserbeam scans the powder bed allows areas of the powder bed 104 to beselectively consolidated.

FIG. 15 is a flow device 151 like that shown in FIG. 14, but with a gasflow guide 152 added to direct the flow of gas to the gas outlet 110 a.The gas flow guide 152 is mounted to move with the flow device 151 andmay be connected to the flow device 151 so as to move therewith. Theflow guide 152 may have an appropriate shape, such as a scoop shape orplanar surface, which directs gas from an upper region in the chamber101 to a lower region adjacent the outlet 110 a.

In a further embodiment (not shown), rather than the inlet 112 a of theflow device being movable with the outlet 110 a, the inlet 112 a may belocated at a fixed location within the chamber 101.

It will be understood that alterations and modifications can be made tothe above described embodiments without departing from the scope of theinvention as described herein. In particular, features described withreference to one embodiment may be combined with features described withreference to another embodiment. For example, the flow devices describedwith reference to FIGS. 11 to 15 may extend across an entire width ofthe powder bed 104 or may extend across a partial width of the powderbed and be mounted to move in two perpendicular directions, as shown inFIGS. 7 to 9.

1. Additive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chambercontaining a working area, a high energy beam for consolidating materialdeposited in the working area in layers and a flow device for generatinga gas flow across at least a part of the working area from a gas inletto a gas outlet, the gas inlet and gas outlet arranged to be movablewithin the build chamber.
 2. Additive manufacturing apparatus accordingto claim 1, comprising a controller for controlling movement of the gasinlet and gas outlet such that locations of the gas inlet and outlet arealtered based upon a scan path of the high energy beam across theworking area.
 3. Additive manufacturing apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the gas inlet and gas outlet are arranged to move together suchthat a position of the gas inlet relative to the gas outlet remainsfixed.
 4. Additive manufacturing apparatus according to claim 1, whereinthe gas inlet and gas outlet are movable such that a position of the gasinlet relative to the gas outlet can be varied.
 5. Additivemanufacturing apparatus according to claim 4, wherein the gas inlet andgas outlet are movable such that the distance between the gas inlet andgas outlet can be less than a width of a build platform on which theobject is built.
 6. Additive manufacturing apparatus according to claim4, wherein the gas inlet and gas outlet are movable such that thedistance between the gas inlet and gas outlet can be less than a widthof the working area in which an object is built.
 7. Additivemanufacturing apparatus according to claim 4 comprising a gas flowdevice for controlling the gas flow through the inlet and/or outletbased upon a distance between the gas inlet and gas outlet.
 8. Additivemanufacturing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet andgas outlet are mounted on an assembly for moving the gas inlet and gasoutlet along at least one linear axis.
 9. Additive manufacturingapparatus according to claim 8, wherein the gas inlet and gas outlet aremounted on an assembly for rotating the gas inlet and gas outlet aboutat least one rotary axis.
 10. Additive manufacturing apparatus accordingto claim 1, wherein the gas outlet is arranged to draw gas in adirection substantially parallel to the working area.
 11. Additivemanufacturing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet isarranged to propel gas in a direction substantially parallel to theworking area.
 12. Additive manufacturing apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the gas inlet is arranged to propel gas in a direction that isnot substantially parallel to the working area.
 13. Additivemanufacturing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the gas inletand/or gas outlet comprise an elongate aperture that extends across anentire width of the working area, the gas inlet and/or gas outletmovable in a linear direction perpendicular to a longitudinal axis ofthe aperture.
 14. Additive manufacturing apparatus according to claim 1,wherein the gas inlet and/or gas outlet comprise an aperture thatextends across less than a width of the working area, the gas inletand/or gas outlet movable in a linear direction perpendicular to a gasflow direction from the gas inlet/into the gas outlet.
 15. Additivemanufacturing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the apparatus is aselective laser solidification apparatus, wherein powder layers aresuccessively deposited across the working area in the build chamber anda laser beam is scanned across portions of each powder layer thatcorrespond to a cross-section of the object being constructed toconsolidate the portions of the powder.
 16. Additive manufacturingapparatus according to claim 15, further comprising a wiper forspreading powder across the working area, the wiper mounted to move withat least one of the gas inlet and gas outlet.
 17. Additive manufacturingapparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a probe for measuringgeometry of the object being built, the probe mounted to move on an axiscommon with the gas inlet and/or gas outlet.
 18. Additive manufacturingapparatus according to claim 17, wherein the gas inlet and/or gas outletthat is mounted on a common axis with the probe is arranged to move in afirst direction and the probe is arranged to move in the first directionand in a further direction.
 19. Additive manufacturing apparatusaccording to claim 18, wherein the probe is a contact probe. 20.Additive manufacturing apparatus according to claim 1, comprising acontroller for controlling a rate of flow at which gas is propelled intothe build chamber from the gas inlet based upon a location of the gasinlet and/or gas outlet in the build chamber.
 21. Additive manufacturingapparatus according to claim 1, comprising a controller for controllinga rate of flow at which gas is drawn from the build chamber through thegas outlet based upon a location of the gas inlet and/or gas outlet inthe build chamber.
 22. Additive manufacturing method for buildingobjects by layerwise consolidation of material, the method comprisingdepositing material in a working area in a build chamber, scanning ahigh energy beam across the working area to consolidate the material inlayers and operating a flow device for generating a gas flow across atleast a part of the working area from a gas inlet to a gas outletcomprising moving the gas inlet and the gas outlet during building ofthe object.
 23. A method according to claim 22 comprising moving the gasinlet and gas outlet to vary a distance between the gas inlet and gasoutlet.
 24. A method according to claim 22 comprising moving the gasinlet and gas outlet to alter the direction of gas flow across theworking area.
 25. A method according to claim 22, comprising altering arate of flow at which gas is propelled into the build chamber from thegas inlet based upon a location of the gas inlet and/or gas outlet inthe build chamber.
 26. A method according to claim 22, comprisingaltering a rate of flow at which gas is drawn from the build chamberthrough the gas outlet based upon a location of the gas inlet and/or gasoutlet in the build chamber.
 27. A method according to claim 22,comprising moving the gas inlet and gas outlet whilst scanning thematerial with the high energy beam.
 28. A method according to claim 22,wherein the inlet and outlet are moved based upon the scan path of thehigh energy beam.
 29. The method according to claim 22, comprisingsuccessively depositing layers or powder across the working area andscanning the high energy beam across portions of each powder layer thatcorrespond to a cross-section of the object being constructed toconsolidate the portions of the powder.
 30. A data carrier havinginstructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor,causing the processor to control an additive manufacturing apparatusaccording to claim 1 to carry out an additive manufacturing method forbuilding objects by layerwise consolidation of material, the methodcomprising depositing material in a working area in a build chamber,scanning a high energy beam across the working area to consolidate thematerial in layers and operating a first flow device for generating agas flow across at least a part of the working area from a gas inlet toa gas outlet comprising moving the gas inlet and the gas outlet duringbuilding of the object.
 31. Additive manufacturing apparatus forbuilding objects by layerwise consolidation of material, the apparatuscomprising a build chamber containing a working area, a high energy beamfor consolidating material deposited in the working area in layers, afirst flow device for propelling gas into a volume above the workingarea and a second flow device for drawing gas from the volume so as togenerate a gas flow between the first and second flow devices, at leastone of the first flow device and second flow device arranged to bemovable within the build chamber, and a control unit for controllingscanning of the material with the high energy beam in accordance with apredetermined scanning plan and controlling movement of the first and/orsecond flow device based upon the scanning plan.
 32. An additivemanufacturing method for building objects by layerwise consolidation ofmaterial, the method comprising depositing material in a working area ina build chamber, scanning a high energy beam across the working area toconsolidate the material in layers in accordance with a predeterminedscanning plan and operating a first flow device for propelling gas intoa volume above the working area, which includes the material beingconsolidated with the high energy beam, and a second flow device fordrawing gas from the volume to generate a gas flow between the first andsecond flow devices, and further comprising moving at least one of thefirst and second flow devices within the build chamber during buildingof the object based upon the scanning plan.
 33. A data carrier havinginstructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor,causing the processor to control an additive manufacturing apparatusaccording to claim 31 to carry out an additive manufacturing method forbuilding objects by layerwise consolidation of material, the methodcomprising depositing material in a working area in a build chamber,scanning a high energy beam across the working area to consolidate thematerial in layers in accordance with a predetermined scanning plan andoperating a first flow device for propelling gas into a volume above theworking area, which includes the material being consolidated with thehigh energy beam, and a second flow device for drawing gas from thevolume to generate a gas flow between the first and second flow devices,and further comprising moving at least one of the first and second flowdevices within the build chamber during building of the object basedupon the scanning plan.
 34. Additive manufacturing apparatus forbuilding objects by layerwise consolidation of material, the apparatuscomprising a build chamber containing a working area, a high energy beamfor consolidating material deposited in the working area in layers, afirst flow device for propelling gas into a volume above the workingarea and a second flow device for drawing gas from the volume so as togenerate a gas flow between the first and second flow devices, the firstand second flow devices arranged to be movable within the build chamber.35. An additive manufacturing method for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the method comprising depositing material ina working area in a build chamber, scanning a high energy beam acrossthe working area to consolidate the material in layers and operating afirst flow device for propelling gas into a volume above the workingarea, which includes the material being consolidated with the highenergy beam, and a second flow device for drawing gas from the volume togenerate a gas flow between the first and second flow devices, furthercomprising moving the first and second flow devices within the buildchamber during building of the object.
 36. A data carrier havinginstructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor,causing the processor to control an additive manufacturing apparatusaccording to claim 34 to carry out an additive manufacturing method forbuilding objects by layerwise consolidation of material, the methodcomprising depositing material in a working area in a build chamber,scanning a high energy beam across the working area to consolidate thematerial in layers and operating a first flow device for propelling gasinto a volume above the working area, which includes the material beingconsolidated with the high energy beam, and a second flow device fordrawing gas from the volume to generate a gas flow between the first andsecond flow devices, further comprising moving the first and second flowdevices within the build chamber during building of the object. 37.Additive manufacturing apparatus for building objects by layerwiseconsolidation of material, the apparatus comprising a build chambercontaining a working area, a high energy beam for consolidating materialdeposited in the working area in layers, a probe for measuring geometryof the object being built, a first flow device for propelling gas into avolume above the working area and a second flow device for drawing gasfrom the volume so as to generate a gas flow between the first andsecond flow devices, wherein at least one of the first flow device andsecond flow device is arranged to be movable within the build chamberand the probe is mounted to move on an axis common with the gas inletand/or gas outlet.
 38. Additive manufacturing apparatus for buildingobjects by layerwise consolidation of material, the apparatus comprisinga build chamber containing a working area, a high energy beam forconsolidating material deposited in the working area in layers, a firstflow device for propelling gas into a volume above the working area, asecond flow device for drawing gas from the volume so as to generate agas flow between the first and second flow devices, at least one of thefirst flow device and second flow device arranged to be movable withinthe build chamber, and a wiper for spreading powder across the workingarea, the wiper mounted to move with at least one of the first flowdevice and the second flow device.
 39. Additive manufacturing method forbuilding objects by layerwise consolidation of material, the methodcomprising depositing material in a working area in a build chamber,moving a wiper for spreading powder across the working area, scanning ahigh energy beam across the working area to consolidate the material inlayers and operating a first flow device for propelling gas into avolume above the working area, which includes the material beingconsolidated with the high energy beam, and a second flow device fordrawing gas from the volume to generate a gas flow between the first andsecond flow devices, the method further comprising moving at least oneof the first and second flow devices during building of the objectsimultaneously with moving the wiper.
 40. A data carrier havinginstructions thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor,causing the processor to control an additive manufacturing apparatusaccording to claim 38 to carry out an additive manufacturing method forbuilding objects by layerwise consolidation of material, the methodcomprising depositing material in a working area in a build chamber,moving a wiper for spreading powder across the working area, scanning ahigh energy beam across the working area to consolidate the material inlayers and operating a first flow device for propelling gas into avolume above the working area, which includes the material beingconsolidated with the high energy beam, and a second flow device fordrawing gas from the volume to generate a gas flow between the first andsecond flow devices, the method further comprising moving at least oneof the first and second flow devices during building of the objectsimultaneously with moving the wiper.
 41. Additive manufacturingapparatus for building objects by layerwise consolidation of material,the apparatus comprising a build chamber containing a working area, ahigh energy beam for consolidating material deposited in the workingarea in layers, an optical module for directing the high energy beam onto the working area, a flow device for drawing gas from the volume so asto generate a gas flow across the working area, the flow device arrangedto be movable within the build chamber, and a controller for controllingmovement of the gas flow device and the optical module such that theflow device is moved together with movement of the high energy beamacross the working area.
 42. Additive manufacturing apparatus accordingto claim 41, further comprising a guide for guiding gas drawn from thebuild chamber into the gas outlet, the guide movable within the buildchamber.
 43. Additive manufacturing apparatus according to claim 41,wherein the guide is movable together with the gas outlet.
 44. Additivemanufacturing apparatus according to claim 42, wherein the controller isarranged to control the optical module to direct the high energy beam toa location between the guide and the gas outlet.